Particle

indicates a question

at sentence end

indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question

at the end of a subordinate clause

or; whether or not; either ... or ...

as ...か...（か）

some- (e.g. something, someone)

after an interrogativesee 何か

hmm; huh; I wonder (if, why, etc.); it might (be); maybe; perhaps it's (because of); could it be (that)

indicates uncertainty, conjecture, doubt, etc.

shouldn't we ...?; why don't we ...?; what about ...?; how about ...?; let's ...; may I ...?; could you ...?

indicates invitation, suggestion, or polite request; after a negative or volitional

some (amount); roughly; about; circa; more or less; or so

indicates a rough amountsee 何人か

won't you ...?; why don't you ...?; couldn't you (e.g. have done differently)?; shouldn't you ...?

indicates indirect command or critique; usu. after a negative

why should ...?; why would ...?; would I (really) ...?; who could have (guessed, foreseen, etc.) ...?; how could ...?; how should ...?

indicates irony or rhetorical question

OK?; (you) understand?; got it?; really?; right?; didn't (I, you, etc.) ...?

used to confirm or emphasize information

oh; wow; how (incredible, strongly, badly, etc.)

indicates surprise or strong emotion

come to think of ...; ... you say?; ah; now that (you, it, etc.) ...

indicates (sudden) realization or recollection

Prefix

very

emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjectivesee か弱い

Suffix

-al; -ial; -ic; -ical; -ish; -y

suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an uninflectable wordsee 定か

Adverb (fukushi)

in that way

Archaic