Nounpeoples formerly of northern Japan with distinct language and culture (i.e. the Ainu) · provincial (i.e. a person who lives far from the city) · brutish, unsophisticated warrior (esp. used by Kyoto samurai to refer to samurai from eastern Japan)

NounXirong; Rong; inhabitants of the extremities of China as early as the Shang dynasty (1765-1122 BCE); barbarians to the west

NounQuanrong (ethnic group from northwest of China during the Zhou dynasty)

NounTōka Ebisu; festival held on January 10 in honor of Ebisu, the god of fishing and commerce

Nounbarbarians to the east and to the west (from the perspective of old China)