prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity, old (of people), venerable (person), experienced, of long standing, always, all the time, of the past, very, outdated, (of meat etc) tough
to grow; to give birth; to produce; to be born, to arise; to occur, to light (a fire), to live; to be alive, life, raw; uncooked; unprocessed, unfamiliar; strange, (bound form) student; person engaged in a field, (bound form) male role in traditional opera, (bound form) life; lifetime, (bound form) means of livelihood, (bound form) very; intensely (as in 生疼[sheng1 teng2]), (bound form) in a forced manner (as in 生拉硬拽[sheng1 la1 ying4 zhuai4])