leather; CL:張|张[zhang1]

to transform; to change

Damascus, capital of Syria

Cultural Revolution (1966-76) (abbr. for 文化大革命[Wen2 hua4 Da4 ge2 ming4])

animal hide; leather; to reform; to remove; to expel (from office)

to fire; to discharge

evolution of sth over time; course of development; history

to dismiss; to lay off

change of dynasties; clear out the old, bring in the new

artificial leather

synthetic leather

historical development; background

land reform

(Protestant) Reformation

political reform

reform of the writing system

economic reform

financial reform

mixed ownership reform (strategy aimed at enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness of state-owned enterprises)