ex-wife; late wife

fiancée

(bound form) wife

to marry off (a daughter)

lovely wife

(old) perfect wife; you, my beloved wife

to be bereaved of one's wife

one's late wife

married woman; wife (as a social role)

to repudiate one's wife

first wife

(neologism, attested by 2009) wife of a gay man (the man may marry to conform with social expectations, and the woman often enters the marriage not knowing he is gay)

to take a wife; to get married (man)

concubine

wife swapping

primary wife (in contrast to concubine); legal wife

widow

to use one's power and influence to take another man's wife for oneself

wife who goes through the hardships of poverty with her husband

monogamy

polygyny

weekend spouse; relationship involving a sugar-daddy

favor the concubine and do away with the wife (idiom); spoil one's mistress and neglect one's wife

older husband and much younger wife

long-married couple

a couple in a short-lived, improper relationship