to chant; to recite; verse; song (often used in titles of classical poems); (literary) to lament; to groan; (bound form) (in poetry) the cry of certain animals and insects; (music) rapid vibrato (technique for playing the guqin 古琴[gu3 qin2]) (cf. 猱[nao2], wide vibrato)

to chant softly; to murmur

to recite in a loud, clear voice

to sing; to recite

to mutter to oneself irresolutely